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By Memory Management and Limits
sys includes several functions for understanding and controlling memory usage.
Reference Counts
Python helps you manage memory with garbage collection. An object is automatically marked to be collected when its reference count drops to zero. To examine the reference count of an existing object, use getrefcount().
import sys
one = []
print 'At start :', sys.getrefcount(one)
two = one
print 'Second reference :', sys.getrefcount(one)
del two
print 'After del :', sys.getrefcount(one)
Notice that the count is actually one higher than expected because there is a temporary reference to the object held by getrefcount() itself.
$ python sys_getrefcount.py
At start : 2
Second reference : 3
After del : 2
See also
- gc
- Control the garbage collector via the functions exposed in gc.
Object Size
Knowing how many references an object has may help you figure out where you have a cycle or a leak in your memory, but it isn’t enough to determine what objects are consuming the most memory. For that, you also need to know how big objects are.
import sys
class OldStyle:
pass
class NewStyle(object):
pass
for obj in [ [], (), {}, 'c', 'string', 1, 2.3,
OldStyle, OldStyle(), NewStyle, NewStyle(),
]:
print '%10s : %s' % (type(obj).__name__, sys.getsizeof(obj))
The size is reported in bytes.
$ python sys_getsizeof.py
list : 36
tuple : 28
dict : 140
str : 25
str : 30
int : 12
float : 16
classobj : 48
instance : 36
type : 452
NewStyle : 32
For a more accurate estimate of the space used by a class, you can provide a __sizeof__() method to compute the value by aggregating the sizes of attributes of an object.
import sys
class MyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.a = 'a'
self.b = 'b'
return
def __sizeof__(self):
return object.__sizeof__(self) + \
sum(sys.getsizeof(v) for v in self.__dict__.values())
my_inst = MyClass()
print sys.getsizeof(my_inst)
$ python sys_getsizeof_custom.py
82
Recursion
Allowing infinite recursion in a Python application may introduce a stack overflow in the interpreter itself, leading to a crash. To eliminate this situation, the interpreter lets you control the maximum recursion depth using setrecursionlimit() and getrecursionlimit().
import sys
print 'Initial limit:', sys.getrecursionlimit()
sys.setrecursionlimit(10)
print 'Modified limit:', sys.getrecursionlimit()
def generate_recursion_error(i):
print 'generate_recursion_error(%s)' % i
generate_recursion_error(i+1)
try:
generate_recursion_error(1)
except RuntimeError, err:
print 'Caught exception:', err
Once the recursion limit is reached, the interpreter raises a RuntimeError exception so your program has an opportunity to handle the situation.
$ python sys_recursionlimit.py
Initial limit: 1000
Modified limit: 10
generate_recursion_error(1)
generate_recursion_error(2)
generate_recursion_error(3)
generate_recursion_error(4)
generate_recursion_error(5)
generate_recursion_error(6)
generate_recursion_error(7)
generate_recursion_error(8)
Caught exception: maximum recursion depth exceeded while getting the str of an object
Maximum Values
Along with the runtime configurable values, sys includes variables defining the maximum values for types that vary from system to system.
import sys
print 'maxint :', sys.maxint
print 'maxsize :', sys.maxsize
print 'maxunicode:', sys.maxunicode
maxint is the largest representable regular integer. maxsize is the maximum size of a list, dictionary, string, or other data structure dictated by the C interpreter’s size type. maxunicode is the largest integer Unicode point supported by the interpreter as currently configured.
$ python sys_maximums.py
maxint : 2147483647
maxsize : 2147483647
maxunicode: 65535
Floating Point Values
The structure float_info contains information about the floating point type representation used by the interpreter, based on the underlying system’s float implementation.
import sys
print 'Smallest difference (epsilon):', sys.float_info.epsilon
print
print 'Digits (dig) :', sys.float_info.dig
print 'Mantissa digits (mant_dig):', sys.float_info.mant_dig
print
print 'Maximum (max):', sys.float_info.max
print 'Minimum (min):', sys.float_info.min
print
print 'Radix of exponents (radix):', sys.float_info.radix
print
print 'Maximum exponent for radix (max_exp):', sys.float_info.max_exp
print 'Minimum exponent for radix (min_exp):', sys.float_info.min_exp
print
print 'Maximum exponent for power of 10 (max_10_exp):', sys.float_info.max_10_exp
print 'Minimum exponent for power of 10 (min_10_exp):', sys.float_info.min_10_exp
print
print 'Rounding for addition (rounds):', sys.float_info.rounds
Note
These values depend on the compiler and underlying system, so you may have different results. These examples were produced on OS X 10.5.8.
$ python sys_float_info.py
Smallest difference (epsilon): 2.22044604925e-16
Digits (dig) : 15
Mantissa digits (mant_dig): 53
Maximum (max): 1.79769313486e+308
Minimum (min): 2.22507385851e-308
Radix of exponents (radix): 2
Maximum exponent for radix (max_exp): 1024
Minimum exponent for radix (min_exp): -1021
Maximum exponent for power of 10 (max_10_exp): 308
Minimum exponent for power of 10 (min_10_exp): -307
Rounding for addition (rounds): 1
See also
Your system’s float.h contains more details about these settings.
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